Special measures for witnesses
Following on from my earlier post on the Government’s
plans to bring in new rights for victims I thought it might be worth saying
something more about the final promise David Cameron made to victims, namely
that there would be “more protection for witnesses”.
Since Dave wants to offer more protection for witnesses,
I thought it would be interesting to think about what protections already exist
and then compare those to what Mr Cameron is offering. However, we can’t do that since Dave hasn’t
offered any firm proposals beyond the vague “more protection for witnesses”
promise. So, we’ll just have to see what
currently exists.
Current special measures
A special measure is something that the court can use or
do to ensure that a witness provides the best evidence possible. They apply equally to prosecution and defence
witness, although they do not apply at all to the defendant himself. A witness can avail him or herself of a
special measure if they are under 18 at the time of the hearing, lack capacity
or are in fear or distress of testifying.
The fear or distress of testifying clause gives very wide scope for
anybody who wants to claim special measures to get them… if you say you are
scared of giving evidence how could anybody disprove that?
Currently there are a wide range of special measures:
Screens;
Video link;
Evidence in private (D and
lawyers cannot be excluded);
Removal of wigs and gowns;
Pre-recorded evidence in chief;
Pre-recorded cross-examination;
Intermediary; and
Use of any device the court
considers appropriate to aid communication.
Screening a witness from the defendant is one of the most
commonly used special measures. A screen
is literally erected or a curtain pulled around the witness box so that the
defendant cannot see the witness. This
usually has the side-effect that neither the prosecution nor defence lawyers
can see the witness either, which can make questioning difficult.
Video-links are a bit like video-phones in sci-fi shows –
they rarely work perfectly first time, you regularly get the wrong number
(although I’ve never seen a lady fresh from the shower pop-up as in Demolition
Man) but when they do work they are quite good.
In a recent case I did, we had a prosecution witness who was too
terrified of speaking in front of the jury to speak even behind a screen. Once we tried the video-link he was able to
give evidence, so a success.
Evidence can be given in private, which really means the
exclusion of anybody who is not a lawyer, defendant, judge or juror from the
room.
Removal of wigs and gowns. This was done throughout the trial of the
James Bulger killers, although that must have been under the judge’s powers to
control his own court because the special measures a) didn’t exist back then;
and b) do not apply to defendants.
Pre-recorded evidence in chief, cross-examination and
re-examination has been possible for nearly a decade now and yet I have never
seen (or heard) of it being done.
Intermediaries have been available for a long time but only
recently seem to be gaining favour. An
intermediary is somebody who helps a vulnerable witness give evidence, they are
there to ensure that the witness understands the question being asked of him
and that everybody understands the answer.
I’ve come across a few witnesses who should have had an intermediary but
I’ve never actually seen an intermediary in action.
The last special measure for the use of aids to assist
communication is something intended for those with disabilities.
There is one other action the court can take to protect
witnesses that applies in sexual offence cases and that is preventing the
defence asking questions about the complainant’s previous sexual history. To be allowed to ask such questions the
defence must seek permission of the court in advance.
In ye olden days we used to say that a defendant had the
right to have his accuser face him and accuse him of a crime, the idea being
that it was harder to lie about somebody to their face I suppose. Almost all of the special reasons change this
position so that the accuser no longer has to face the person they are
accusing. Personally, I happen to think
that this does make life much easier for the dishonest complainant but I
suspect I am in the minority on that one.
What more can be done to protect witnesses?
The main complaint I hear from witnesses is that they
dislike tough questions from defence lawyers and, in particular, being called a
liar. I recently cross-examined a man on
the basis that he was lying; I know he didn’t like it as he gave me a lot of
dirty looks and at one point complained to the judge about me calling him a
liar.
Under our current system there isn’t very much that can
be done about this because as lawyers we don’t call people liars for a laugh,
we do it because our clients say to us “that didn’t happen, he is lying”. People regularly say that we should have an
inquisitorial system like in France. I
hear from fellow lawyers that the French system is horribly unjust. I also understand that the French do use the
same system as us in any event.
Although, the criminal procedures begins as an inquisitorial one, if the
defendant insists that he is not guilty then it turns into an adversarial
system like ours.
Even if we choose to scrap out current system tomorrow
(which to be honest wouldn’t bother me that much so long as I don’t have to
spend years learning the new system) I cannot fathom how we can deal with a
situation where two people say the other is lying without putting to each of
them “you are lying”.
This might sound harsh but let’s remember that 27% of
defendants tried in the Crown Court are found not guilty after trial and every
one of them plus many of their defence witnesses will have been called a liar
by the prosecutor. Incidentally when I
started working in criminal law, a few years before special measures appeared,
I was always told that only 20% of Crown Court trials resulted in conviction,
which if correct would suggest there has been a huge swing in favour of the
prosecution.
What do you think?
What else can be done to protect witnesses? Should anything else be done?
As prerecorded evidence is rarely, if ever, used what is the point of more protection for witnesses? It seems like the current lesser measures are enough.
ReplyDeleteI can see why people don't like being called liars, but if your evidence wasn't being disputed you wouldn't be in court. I am secretly pleased when the defense call me a liar, I know I'm telling the truth and that they don't have any better arguments!
Bill
I tend to agree. There's a lot of emphasis these days about making people feel 'good' and anything that makes people feel 'bad' is therefore frowned upon.
DeleteAs you say, if somebody calls you a liar then tell them you're not!
I once chaired a DV trial where screens had been ordered. However, the prosecutor explained that the complainant could not bear to give evidence in the defendant's presence (and there was no video-link in that building).
ReplyDeleteME: What are you asking us to do, Ms X?
X: To have him removed from the court while the complainant testifies.
ME: To where?
X: To the cells.
ME: So you do not want him to hear the evidence against him?
X: It's in her statement, my learned friend has that.
We did not even need to trouble counsel for the defendant. We refused to grant the application. I said briefly that the defendant had the right as well as the duty to be at his trial; and that meant the right to ehar the evidence and instruct his counsel about it.
The complainant refused to testify, and we then heard a rather half-hearted application to read her statement. I asked whether it contained the usual statement that she was "willing to attend court and give evidence" and it did.
Game over. You cannot cross-examine a written statement.
No evidence offered, case dismissed.
Which may have been very unfair to the complainant, but then, the criminal justice system does not have all the answers, does it?
I take it that screens were not sufficient for her?
DeleteHave to say I'm surprised that there are any courts without video-link available. I've not seen one for a long time.
I'm sorry to say it but the solution is for the case to be heard at a court with the video-link facilities. If the CPS still prepared cases properly they could have made an application to move the trial to a more suitable building well in advance of the trial date. But, sadly the prosecution rarely bother to look at their files until a few days before trial at most.
The court house in question has since closed. Screens were not enough, being in the same room was too much for her.
ReplyDeleteWe would, I think, have refused an application to adjourn to another courthouse on another day. The defendant was excluded from his home and surfing a friend's sofa. Time for the CPS to put up or shut up.
And of course they would be in the same room that evening unless she moved out. The ridiculous thing is that they were not married and the house was his property so she would have to go sooner or later (there were no children) and not much later; the civil courts could only exclude him for a few months. On a common assault he would probably have got a non-custodial sentence - if it was custodial it would be very short - and I have to wonder whether the prosecution served any purpose for her at all.